LITERATURE REVIEW CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FISCAL POLICY. Download. Thus, for example, a government budget that is balanced over the course of the business cycle is considered to represent a neutral fiscal policy stance. Principle of Effective Demand:The main point related to starting point of Keynes theory of employment is the Abstract. This chapter presents the conceptual and theoretical framework, and reviews the literature. The chapter also defines the concepts and describes the definitions and measures of national and regional systems of blogger.com: Samia Mohamed Nour Step 2: Build a Literature Review and Identify a Theoretical or Conceptual Framework Written and Compiled by Amanda J. Rockinson-Szapkiw & Anita Knight Introduction Foundations are important. There is a Biblical parable about two builders. One builder builds his house on a solid foundation. When storms come, the house remains blogger.com Size: 46KB
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A short summary of this paper. READ PAPER. Bamgbose asserts that, from the out-set, the manner and method in which English language was introduced coupled with its status as the language of pedagogy and administration inevitably predetermined a secondary role for the native languages at both primary and post-primary schools.
So, while English is used as a language of instruction virtually for all subjects, each of the three major indigenous languages is offered as a school subject; each language is predominantly offered by schools that fall within the region that houses it. Paradoxically, in some cases, teachers revert to English words to explain some lexical items or concepts in these indigenous languages. Godswill corroborates the weak position of native languages further: The orthographies of many languages in Nigeria are yet to be developed.
The registers or terms to be used in teaching many of the languages called meta-language have not been developed. The Federal Ministry of Education has made series of intervention policies in order to save the Nigerian languages, especially the three major ones from extinction, decay or loss by making it mandatory for elementary school pupils review of related literature and conceptual framework example well as students in secondary school up to the first three years of the Junior Secondary School to offer one of the major local languages as a compulsory subject alongside English.
It declares the Mother-Tongue MT as the language of initial literacy at the pre-primary and junior primary levels, and of adult and non-formal education, review of related literature and conceptual framework example.
The document further declares English as not only the official language but also the language of formal literacy, bureaucracy, secondary and higher education, the law courts, etc.
in Nigeria while languages like French, and Arabic were classified as being foreign. This catch-them-young policy has not achieved the desired practical success as designed. Emenanjo queries why the Mother Tongue, which is acclaimed to be vital at the pre-primary and primary levels is not been solely used at this level. After all, according to Emenanjo citing Fafunwa et al. The SYPP children have demonstrated greater manipulative ability, manual dexterity and mechanical comprehension.
The language Policy on Education also states that the dominant indigenous language in a particular region could be employed to complement English as a medium of instruction at these two identified levels. However, a critical look at the provisions of this national policy reveals that the use of any Nigerian language as a medium of instruction is limited to the pre-primary and primary levels as contained in paragraph p. Although Nigerian Educational Research Council NERC identifies some efforts made at standardising the native languages such as design and provision of braille and manual orthographies as well as text materials.
It asserts that the deficiency of the local languages in conceptualising many concepts in various teaching subjects coupled with the communicative incompetence of the teachers continue to be an impediment to the realisation of this laudable aim, review of related literature and conceptual framework example. It is a country populated by approximately million people, covering aboutsquare miles, bordering the Gulf of Guinea in West Africa daily almanac Language policy becomes the extraordinary measures to determine, values, norms, basis of conduct and loyalties between the forged nation.
Nigeria is a lingua Franca in view of its geographical spread couple with its over languages, and the number of their speakers. However, studies have shown that Hausa language is spoken by fourteen million people in Nigeria, Niger, and the Sudan, Yoruba by five million people in Nigeria, Dahomey, and Togo, and Igbo, also by five million people but spoken only in Nigeria Gregersen Geographically, the nation is populated by over million people of whom 29 per cent are Hausa speaking nation located in the northern region.
Historically, the review of related literature and conceptual framework example of the present-day Nigeria follows various parts of these regions and is made of diverse ethnic groups the majority of which include minority status. However, based on the language spoken in Nigeria Shaibu, The label's majority, a minority language in Nigeria, review of related literature and conceptual framework example, also translate directly to the distribution of socio-political and economic power and prestige.
In fact, belonging to the majority of language groups means reasonably having both political and economic power status while belonging to minority groups of languages means a situation of a weak power status high of socioeconomic and political power status of delivery and resource control. Culturally, Nigeria inherited three dominant religious traditions, Islam, Christianity and local traditional deities and each are widely practiced.
Though, there exist other minor beliefs as well Shaibu, Inthe constitution retained the independent Nigeria language policy established in ; However, the and constitutions article 51 and 53 recommended a new policy of trilingualism, i.
e, that the business of the National Assembly in Nigeria to be conducted primarily in English, and in three additional crucial languages when adequate arrangement could be made. Perhaps it is safe to say that the government has stepped up to increase the status of indigenous languages in the society.
This indicates that the status of language has been shifted. The new prime language policy forms a prominent part ofrevised and national educational policy. b English as the language of introduction in schools from mid primary through to the university, c In junior secondary schools, a Nigerian child shall in addition to his mother tongue study any of the three dominant languages.
It means that this article has removed English from being a monopoly of authority, and it also indicates a language shift. For example, this represents the first review of related literature and conceptual framework example indication about the nature of skills, and abilities envisaged for the ideal citizens about the future.
Namely, triliteracy and trilingualism, consisting of the mother tongue, one of the three outstanding Nigerian languages other than his or her mother tongue and English. This goal tends to pull the policies in different dimensions, for example. They build cultural pluralism certainly contrasts with the call for unity and integration, just as the continue uses of the English language have drastically undermined the development of indigenous languages.
These show some level of indigenous power of language regionally and also a form of the language shift. Despite its limitations, that only in some conflicting situations that documentation could be presented in English.
However, at the educational level, like in the nursery and primary school stage, the three Nigeria foremost languages should be taught as a school subject. It is clear from the constitution that language planning is aimed at producing Nigeria trilingual: a speaker of English, review of related literature and conceptual framework example, his mother tongue and an additional Nigerian language.
The policy pushes trilingualism in the direction of the quadrilingual as a language shift. Most government functions in northern part use Hausa in their various activities except in some fundamentally useful where the English could be considered, but the reversed in the Yoruba Western region is quite different, where English is considered as machinery for governmental activities.
Ammon claiming as high as 1. According to Berns et alwith the wave of globalisation of the world's economy, there is review of related literature and conceptual framework example accompanying increase in the spread of English.
The latest estimates of the percentage of people using major language groups in the outline provided by the World Internet Statistics are, English with approximately million users, review of related literature and conceptual framework example, followed by Chinese with approximately million and Spanish with approximately million users.
The use of English runs across many countries of the world more than the other international languages. English comes4th in the chart with an estimate of approximately million and spoken in67 nations, Berns De BrotHasebrink, In addition, review of related literature and conceptual framework example economic and technological supremacy of Britain and America is brought to bear on the language.
English encompasses more than just a convenient means of communication among the world's citizens. It is the dominant language in the publishing industry. Mélitz reports that authors writing in English have a much better chance of their works being translated than those writing in other languages.
In addition, more literary works are more likely to be translated to English than other languages. Those who write in English reach a wider audience than those writing in other languages.
In the area of auditory and audiovisual entertainment, the use of English dominates. The language dominates the economic, cultural and cyberspace in the world today. It is the language of tourism, of markets and trade, and of internet. English is the official language of Nigeria. It has economic, educational, political, cultural and sociolinguistic status in the country, Bamgbose, Nigeria, with a population of over million people, according to the census, has over indigenous languages spoken within its borders Adegbija, ; Grimes, The multilingual situation in Nigeria is such that in many states of the country, several languages are spoken.
The language policy of the country, in principle, is such that it encourages multilingualism. The constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria supports the use of the three major languages, namely, Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba at the National Assembly. It emphatically states in section 55 of the Constitution that: The business of the National Assembly shall be conducted in English and in Hausa, Ibo review of related literature and conceptual framework example Yoruba when adequate arrangements have been made therefore Constitution Chapter V section The constitution also recognises and encourages the use of indigenous languages in the states' houses of assembly as the members may by resolution approve.
The support given to the use of the indigenous languages is also contained in the National Policy on Education, NPE The policy regarding language s for educational purposes encourages and supports the use of a child's mother tongue indigenous language s or language of the immediate community in pre-primary education and the first three years of primary education.
It states specifically in section 2. By suggesting three indigenous languages and English language as the languages of education and by extension, the national languages, government has not demonstrated any seriousness towards solving the language problem in the country p80Akindele.
As we can see, the policy made no clear statement to distinguish properly the position of the English language in relation to the indigenous languages. No wonder English continues to play a dominant role in the affairs review of related literature and conceptual framework example the country as a discipline right from the elementary to the tertiary level, as the language of education at all levels and as a national language.
Up till today, all subsequent government provisions made no effort to change this position Olofin, The policy also states in section 4. During this period, English shall be taught as a subject. From the fourth year, English shall progressively be used as a medium of instruction and the language of immediate environment and French taught as subjects, review of related literature and conceptual framework example.
This is coupled with the fact that a credit pass in English is required at the secondary school certificate level to gain admission to any tertiary institution, especially the universities to study any course, a requirement which was restricted in the past to courses in the humanities and humanities related.
The relevance of English at the educational dimension has a direct bearing on the social dimension. The language has permeated every aspects of the social life, to the extent that speaking English even in ethnic gatherings has become a symbol of social status.
Most parents no longer see the need to pass on their indigenous languages to their children. This has led to raising children who can speak only English and in some cases Nigerian pidgin as well. Anyanwu also made this point in a study on the linguistic situation in Nigeria.
In the political dimension, English is used for deliberation in the National Assembly and states' houses of assembly. Even though provision was made in the constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria for local languages to be used for deliberations as members may by resolution approve, this is not realized in practice.
The fear by those who speak the minority languages has always been that of ethnic dominance, also implying cultural dominance, if any of the major languages is chosen, review of related literature and conceptual framework example. Similarly, Bamgbose observes that in the revision of the constitution, speakers of the minority languages walked out of the Constituent Assembly when a motion was made review of related literature and conceptual framework example that Yoruba, review of related literature and conceptual framework example, Hausa and Igbo should be designated national languages and be taught as compulsory subjects in all primary and secondary schools.
Literature Review vs Theoretical Framework
, time: 11:02(DOC) CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES | Rechelle Lucañas - blogger.com
CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF LITERATURE Conceptual Framework English in Nigeria The introduction of English by the British traders, its spread and consolidation by the missionary and colonial activities and its consequent adoption as the lingua franca and later as official language in Nigeria all enhance it a primus inter pares status among all existing languages, be it native or other LITERATURE REVIEW CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FISCAL POLICY. Download. Thus, for example, a government budget that is balanced over the course of the business cycle is considered to represent a neutral fiscal policy stance. Principle of Effective Demand:The main point related to starting point of Keynes theory of employment is the Step 2: Build a Literature Review and Identify a Theoretical or Conceptual Framework Written and Compiled by Amanda J. Rockinson-Szapkiw & Anita Knight Introduction Foundations are important. There is a Biblical parable about two builders. One builder builds his house on a solid foundation. When storms come, the house remains blogger.com Size: 46KB
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